Yes, it works with the adapter. However, you still need an adapter from the microphone to a headphone adapter. For headphones and microphone, the plug has three segments so that headphones and microphone go through the same connection.

You need this cable for that:
RØDE SC7 TRS to TRRS cable

So you need the Rode Wireless Go, the Rode SC7 cable and the Apple Lightning adapter. It's obviously going to be a bit of a hassle.